Asymmetrical and random white spotting, or Piebalding, is caused by a DNA variant in the Microphthalmia Associated Transcription Factor (MITF) gene. The genetic factors causing white spots in dogs is complex. The MITF variant that causes Piebalding appears to be a dosage-dependent trait, meaning that two copies of the variant leads to more extreme white spotting, as compared to just one copy.
MITF
Autosomal incomplete dominance
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17906626/ https://doi.org/10.1111/age.13154 https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/test/piebald-dog
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