Disease overview

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is characterized by defective tooth enamel production. Enamel is the hardest substance in your body and its main job is to protect teeth from damage. Affected dogs exhibit discolored teeth with brown mottling. Teeth can have rough edges and be unusually small and sharp.

Gene name

ENAM

Inheritance

Autosomal recessive

Signs and symptoms

Clinical signs of AI include teeth that are hypoplastic (thin enamel), hypomature (normal enamel thickness but discolored and softer than normal enamel), hypocalcified (normal enamel thickness but extremely weak), or a mix of these conditions. Teeth are generally discolored and easily stained. They may be rough and unusually small and sharp, with wider gaps between teeth.

How is it diagnosed

A veterinarian will conduct a thorough wellness exam that includes an oral examination and evaluation of clinical signs. Genetic testing assists veterinarians with diagnosis and helps breeders identify affected and carrier dogs.

Breeds at higher risk

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Citations

Hytönen MK, Arumilli M, Sarkiala E, Nieminen P, Lohi H. Canine models of human amelogenesis imperfecta: identification of novel recessive ENAM and ACP4 variants. Hum Genet. 2019 May;138(5):525-533. doi: 10.1007/s00439-019-01997-8. Epub 2019 Mar 15. PMID: 30877375; PMCID: PMC6536466.

https://www.dentistrytoday.com/developmental-defects-linked-to-genes-in-canine-enamel/

Disclaimer

Disease diagnosis and treatment should always be performed by a veterinarian. The following information is for educational purposes only.